Integrating Sources

Introduction:
In the introduction, the difference between primary and secondary sources regarding citation are discussed. A primary source is uninterpreted data and a secondary source already has claims made about it. Citation gives you credibility as well as makes your argument stronger. It turns your opinion into a solid opinion by allowing the reader to interpret your meaning with cited sources for backup.

Integrating Sources into a Paper:
1.1: Three Basic Principles
Referring to a source is discussed. You can incorporate your source by summarizing, paraphrasing, etc. The first rule is to use sources as concisely as possible so your own voice is not played out by your sources voice. It is easiest to reduce your source to notes or a text. It is very important to make clear exactly what you are summarizing. The source should be presented so that it is clear and concise with no room for discrepancy. The second rule is to never leave your reader in doubt as to when you are speaking and when you are referring to your source. The best way is to give info prior and commentary after regarding your source. The third rule is always make clear how each source relates to your argument. You must indicate to your reader when you are summarizing, paraphrasing, etc your source. The last thing mentioned in section 1.1 is regarding mentioning a title in your paper. A title must be underlined, italicized, depending on what type of work. The Bible, or legal documents, don't need to be underlined. There is no need to do both but at least one must be done.

1.2 Rules for Quoting
The first rule to abide by is only quote what is really striking. Quoting too much makes it seem like you don't exactly know what you are talking about. Second, you need to make sure to make the quotation flow with your sentence. It needs to be fluid. Third, you should announce the quotation in words preceding it so that the reader knows they will be entering a quoted statement. Fourth, choose the announcing verb with caution. How you announce the quote sets the tone for the sentences to follow. Technically when quoting you don't always need a comma unless the sentence grammatically calls for it. A slash / is used to indicate a break in poetry. The quote needs to be punctuated according to the context of the sentence. Just because the source author uses a ! does not mean you, the writer, needs to. Finally, quote verbatym and when omitting words use ellipses.

1.3 Quoting Blocks
If you need more than five lines of prose or two of poetry you should present the writing as a block. All lines must be indented 10 spaces from the left margin. No quotation marks should be used. The writer needs to set up the block by giving some background information. The lead in sentence must end with a colon. Commentary is necessary after the block in order to solidify and clarify the quote.

1.4 Using Discursive Notes
There are times when you will want to tell your reader something neutral to what you are writing about. A footnote or endnote is the most appropriate way to convey such information.

Citing Sources:
2.1 When to Cite
Citing is meant to be used when you have found factual information or data from a specific source. Quoting more than two words in a row verbatim or using a specific label name is grounds for citation. Anything interpreted or concluded by another person should be cited. The only time you introduce a quote as quoted in or cited in is when the work you found is by another scholar.

2.2 When Not to Cite
There are a couple times in writing when citing is not necessary. If you are citing everything in your paper you are rehashing too many of someone else's ideas. You don't need to cite when the source and passage are relevant and obvious. Common knowledge does not need to be cited either. Certain dates, distances, etc fall into that category. Everyday speech does not need to be quoted either. Falling under that category is also when an idea is drawn up between you and a friend in conversation. These people may be phrasing from something else themselves.

2.3 Methods of Citing
When citing, you need to make sure to give enough information to be clear and concise.The best ways to present citing is either in sequential notes, in-text citing, or coding depending on the type of writing.

Misuse of Sources
3.1 Plagiarism
Plagiarism is defined as passing off one sources information as your own by omitting to acknowledge the source. Plagiarism occurs all over the world, even in highly reputable academic institutions. The severity of the plagiarism varies depending on the case. However, no use of plagiarism is respectable. In order to qualify as plagiarism the writing must be a) uncited information or data from a source b) an uncited title c) a verbatim phrase or passage that isn't quoted d)an uncited structure or organizing strategy. You should avoid all-but quoting. All-but quoting is when your own sentences follow the source so closely and the result is a quotation instead of a paraphrase. Even though it is not verbatim, it is still plagiarism.

3.2 Other Ways of Misusing Sources
Plagiarism isn't the only way of misusing a source, there are a few other common ways people misuse sources. The first is misrepresenting evidence which is when you have an idea or interpretation that you wish to be true. The second is improper collaboration which is when two students submit almost identical work for an assignment they worked on together. Dual or overlapping submission is when you submit the same paper in a different class. Last, abetting plagiarism is when you knowingly help another student recognize.

3.3 Special Hazards of Electronic Sources
The internet has made it easy for anyone to put anything on the internet. Just because you find an answer there does not always mean it is accurate.

3.4 Disciplinary Consequences
Students either receive a failing grade or are expelled for plagiarizing. No matter what the plagiarizing, there will be disciplinary action taken.

3.5 How to Avoid High Risk Situations
There are a few ways to consciously avoid misusing sources. One is do no leave written work until the last minute; it is easier to make mistakes when you're in a hurry. Also, don't use secondary sources for a paper unless you are asked or explicitly allowed to. It will only scatter your brain to use that many sources in order to jump start your own thinking.

Styles of Documentation
4.1 Placing Citations In Your Paper
There are several forms of documenting your work. Depending on the style of writing, the citations, etc appear differently.

4.2 Listing Your References
You should always start your endnotes or references on a new page. Footnotes are supposed to be four lines from the bottom of your last line of text. Once again, the way you list your references is decided by what format you are writing.